Italy

Víctor EmmanueJ, Kmg of Italy, cliod on the 9tli of January r.t lióme, aged 58 years. He was tho ckiest son oí' Cusirles Albert, and was bom in Turin in 1820. TIíc modern history of his family is a brüliant onc. In 1813 "Víctor Arnadeus II. , Duke of Savoy, was, by the troaty of Utrecht, inade King of Sicily, but in 1820 was eompelled to exohange Sieily for Snrdinia, and beonme tbc first Kiug of Sardinia, and his branch of the family ran out in 1831 and was sucoeeded by the youuger line of Carigan in tho person of Charles Albert. Tliis Prince strongly iavored theunifacation of Italy, and, in 1840 grante 1 a liberal constitution to eeveral states in this kingdomThis involved liimin a war with Austria. After a defeatin Jnly, 1848, at Custozza, a truce was agreeuiipon, bnt in March, 1849, the war having been renewed, the King was defeatedat Novarra, whereupon he abdicated and lef t Italy. Victor Ernnianuel suceeeded as Kiug of Snrdinia, and though compelled to make peace he adhered to his liberal policy and never lost sight of the great end, the uniiieation of Italy. He called to his Cabinet Cavour and other leaders of the cpnstitutioual policy, and liberalized the internl governinent of hia kingdom, and cstablished commercial relations with other states. He joincd France and England in the Crimean war. Iu 1859 Austria deelared war against tho aggressive Italian, who, with France as an ally, reconqnered Lombardy, and the credit of tho King as a soldier and a statesman was general. His policy of a united Italy made him the popular hero tliioughout all Italy. In 1860 Oavom was again placed at the head of the Ministry, anl soon after Parma and Modena were annexed to Sardinia, and Tuscany also voted to be annexed. Nice and Savoy were ceded to France in 18C0. An insurreeiion in Sicily in 18G0, under Garibaldi, resulted in the expulsión of Francis IL, and in October the Two Sicilies voted for aunexation to Sardinia, and Victor Emmanuel entercd Naples as King in November, 1860. Umbria and the March of Ancona soon after joined Sardinia, and, at the opening of 1861 he was sovereign of all Italy, save Eome and Venetia. Count Cavour died in 1861, but his successors contiuued the same policy. Nogotiations were opened with the Papal Government for a peaeeful rcconciliation and lor the annexation of that city, but all offers were rejected. Tho city of Rome had been occupied by I'rench troops from 18-49. Tho flrst Parliament of tho bctv kinsdom of Italy met ut Turin, Feb. 18, 1861, which was opeuetl by a speech from Victor Emmanuel, and an act was passed cüuferring upon him the title of the King of Italy. The Government was under au obligation with Franee not to disturb the Pope in his authority, and the capital of the kiugdom remained at Turin nntil 1864, when it was removed to Florence. The King succeeded in establishing macy and general reforms. As the looal government of the various Stetes had been more or less under ecclesinstical control, the establishment of an exclusively civil governmeat was a work of difficulty, and constantly brought the Government into conflict with the ehurcli, but the work of separating church and state went on thoroughly and completely. In 1866 Italy united with Prussiain the war against Austria, and a result of this war was tho cession of Venetia to Italy. In 1870, in consequenceof theFrancoPrussian war, the Frencli troops evacuated Romo, and the demand for the incorporation of that city iiito the kiugdom was revived. All overtnres to tho Popo wero rejected, and in September, 1870, the city was occupied by Italiau troops. A plebisuite rosulted in the annexation of Romo by an ftlaiost unaniniouo vote. The Italian Government j made what are known as the guáranteos j for the protection of the Pope and for I the support, of the Pajal Government. Itiiiian unity was now compltte; a niw National Parliament was conveued; the capital was removed to Rome, and 110 the lst of .Tamiary, 1871, Victor Emmsnuel ebteied Rome as King of al! Italy. Thero has been nó official or political reconciliation betweenthe lJapal and the Boyal Government, the Pope submitting, as he claims, to superior force, and protesting ogainst all the actfl of tho Government sincc 1860, and especially agaiust all the logisktion clisestublishing the oliurch. The Pope has fur.her protefcted that he is held as aprisoner in his own city.